The murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 protein stimulates NF-κB activity by transactivating the NF-κB p105/p50 promoter

The transcription of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) immediate-early (IE) genes is regulated by a large and complex enhancer containing several consensus binding sites for the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-κB. To verify whether MCMV, like the human CMV, can activate NF-κB-dependent transcription, we transfected murine embryo fibroblasts cells with a construct containing three copies of the NF-κB element in front of the homologous minimal MCMV IE1-3 promoter. Upon MCMV infection the reporter gene activity was transactivated to about three-fold above the basal level. The specificity of this transactivation was demonstrated by the lack of any significant effect on the activity of DNA constructs containing either a mutated NF-κB trimer or an ATF/CRE trimer. Gel shift assays with a NF-κB probe revealed that MCMV infection activated DNA binding proteins showing NF-κB characteristics. The DNA-binding activity remained elevated during the course of infection and was associated to an increase in the steady-state mRNA levels for the NF-κB subunit p105/p50. Since the promoter of the p105/p50 gene was transactivated by MCMV infection during the period in which the IE proteins are expressed, the role of the two major IE transcriptional regulatory proteins was examined. In cotransfection experiments, the IE1 protein transactivated]the p105/p50 promoter, whereas the IE3 was ineffective in increasing the transcription of the reporter gene. Taken as a whole, these results demonstrate that MCMV, like its human counterpart, regulates the cellular NF-κB activity needed for the initial induction of the IE genes and the progression of the viral replicative cycle.