The EMA assessment of pembrolizumab as monotherapy for the first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer

On 21 January 2021, the European Commission amended the marketing authorisation granted for pembrolizumab to include the first-line treatment of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in adults. The recommended dose of pembrolizumab was either 200 mg every 3 weeks or 400 mg every 6 weeks by intravenous infusion. Pembrolizumab was evaluated in a phase III, open-label, multicentre, randomised trial versus standard of care (SOC: FOLFOX6/FOLFIRI alone or in combination with bevacizumab/cetuximab) as first-line treatment of locally confirmed mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high stage IV CRC. Subjects randomised to the SOC arm had the option to crossover and receive pembrolizumab once disease progressed. Both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were primary endpoints. Pembrolizumab showed a statistically significant improvement in PFS compared with SOC, with a hazard ratio of 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45-0.80], P = 0.0002. Median PFS was 16.5 (95% CI: 5.4-32.4) versus 8.2 (95% CI: 6.1-10.2) months for the pembrolizumab versus SOC arms, respectively. The most frequent adverse events in patients receiving pembrolizumab were diarrhoea, fatigue, pruritus, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase, rash, arthralgia, and hypothyroidism. Having reviewed the data submitted, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA's) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) considered that the benefit–risk balance was positive. This is the first time the CHMP has issued an opinion for a target population defined by DNA repair deficiency biomarkers. The aim of this manuscript is to summarise the scientific review of the application leading to regulatory approval in the European Union.