Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic study of the donor-acceptor complexes between fluorene and D_2h cyano molecular building blocks

Three solid molecular complexes of fluorene with electron-withdrawing tetracyanoethylene, 1,2,4,5- tetracyanobenzene and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane were synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data elucidated the order–disorder aspects of the crystal structures ascribed to the different molecular symmetries of the employed building blocks. This hypothesis was confirmed by the structural and energetic results of ab initio periodic calculations. Donor–acceptor solid state interactions between molecular counterparts have been highlighted by electron and vibrational IR and Raman solid state spectroscopy, indicating a significant extent of electron density transfer from the fluorene unit towards the cyano-molecules. The experimental evidences of donor–acceptor interactions between molecular counterparts were compared to the lattice energies and solid state band-gaps, obtained by periodic calculations, and to the cluster HOMO–LUMO differences, obtained by isolated cluster calculations. A good agreement between spectral and theoretical data was found.