Stem cell technologies for tissue regeneration in dentistry.

Embryonal and adult stem cells represent a very interesting research field. Mesenchymal stem cells in particular, derived from different sources, in the last ten years have gained more interest because of their high differentiation potential and their availability. They represent a potential key component in autologos graft for tissue regeneration. Cell-therapy based tissue engineering, even in dentistry field, is based on two approaches: the first is the direct implant of cells in tissues and the second involve the use of a scaffold acting both as a template of tissue and as a carrier of cells. Interest in this technologies continues to increase in dental application as a substitute for traditional treatments and artificial components. Nevertheless, few clinical reports of this topic are available. This review will discuss the current challenges in stem cells field, in particular their differentiation toward oral tissues. Bone marrow, adipose tissues, periodontal ligament and pulp will be described as potential sources of stem cells for oral tissue regeneration.