Richter transformation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia receiving ibrutinib: risk factors and outcomes

This study aimed to define the incidence and risk factors for diffuse large B cell lymphoma variant of RT (DLBCL-RT) in 976 patients with CLL who received ibrutinib therapy. DLBCL-RT was recorded in 83 (8.5%) patients, with a 7-year 15.6% rate. Most patients exhibited clinical signs of aggressive lymphoma, enlarged lymph nodes in 83%, cytopenia in 60%, and Suv_max values ≥ 5 at CT/PET in 98%. Among patients for whom the data was available, 83% had unmutated IGHV, 60% TP53 disruption, 26% mutated NOTCH1, 10% were categorized in subset #8 and 82% had a clonally-related lymphoma. Response to chemoimmunotherapy was achieved by 32% of patients. Median OS was 4.7 months, with cytopenia at DLBCL-RT diagnosis being the only significant factor for inferior survival (HR, 1.68). In multivariable analysis, factors predictive for increased risk of DLBCL-RT were age <70 years (HR: 1.98, p = 0.019), TP53 disruption (HR: 1.72, p = 0.044), with a trend to significance for prior treatment (HR: 1.91, p = 0.065). According to the number of these risk factors, DLBCL-RT rate varied from 4% to 22.6% (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, patients with CLL receiving ibrutinib with age <70 years, TP53 disruption and previously treated are at increased risk for developing DLBCL-RT and deserve close monitoring.