Peri-Operative Nursing of Patients with Malignant Hyperthermia: A Narrative Literature Review

Background/Objectives: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an uncommon but potentially fatal pharmacogenetic syndrome triggered by specific anesthetic agents, including certain muscle relaxants and volatile anesthetics. The clinical presentation of MH varies widely, making timely recognition challenging but essential to patient survival. Perioperative nurses have a critical role in MH prevention, crisis recognition, and effective management. This review aimed to identify and summarize current evidence on the perioperative nursing management of MH, emphasizing preventive measures, staff education, and the adoption of innovative strategies to enhance patient outcomes. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted by searching the PubMed–Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The methodological quality was ensured using the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), and the review process adhered to the PICOS framework. For transparency, the protocol has been reported to the Open Science Framework (OSF). Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The key findings underscored the vital role of perioperative nurses in conducting thorough preoperative risk assessments to identify susceptible individuals. Simulation-based training emerged as highly beneficial, improving staff preparedness, crisis recognition, teamwork, and communication skills. The integration of cognitive aids, such as emergency checklists, and the use of activated charcoal filters to rapidly reduce anesthetic gas concentrations were also highlighted as effective management strategies. Nonetheless, significant gaps in MH knowledge among nursing staff persist, indicating the need for ongoing education and training. Conclusions: Effective management of MH critically depends on comprehensive nurse-led assessments, regular simulation drills, and continuous staff education. The adoption of cognitive aids and activated charcoal filters further enhances crisis response capabilities. Future research should continue to explore innovative training methods and strategies to mitigate knowledge deficits among perioperative nursing teams.