Insulin resistance in obese subjects and newly diagnosed NIDDM patients and derangements of pyruvate dehydrogenase in their circulating lymphocytes

BACKGROUND: In circulating lymphocytes of individuals with insulin resistance and overt hyperglycaemia (NIDDM patients), alterations, affecting pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the key enzyme in glucose oxidative breakdown, have been observed. They include below normal enzyme activity and, in vitro, no enzyme response to insulin at low physiological levels (5 mu U/ml) as well as activation up to the basal values of controls with insulin at high physiological levels (50 mu U/ml), instead of activation and inhibition respectively, as in controls. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether these alterations characterize circulating lymphocytes of individuals with insulin resistance in whom derangements of glucose homeostasis are absent (obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance), or present but still controllable (nonobese and obese newly diagnosed NIDDM patients on an appropriate diet). SUBJECTS: Thirty obese subjects (BMI 36 +/- 31 responding normally to an oral glucose tolerance (OGT) test; 60 newly diagnosed NIDDM patients (30 nonobese, BMI 22 +/- 4 and 30 obese, BMI 38 +/- 2); 30 nonobese (BMI 21 +/- 5) and nondiabetic subjects, with no family history for NIDDM, served as controls. METHODS: Evaluation of PDH activity in circulating lymphocytes before and after exposure to insulin at 5 and 50 mu U/ml, and of clinical parameters before and during an OGT test. RESULTS: 1) In circulating lymphocytes of obese nondiabetic subjects as well as obese and nonobese newly diagnosed NIDDM patients, PDH activity was significantly below normal. In vitro, enzyme response to insulin at 5 mu U/ml was reduced in nonobese NIDDM patients with respect to controls, and absent in obese nondiabetic subjects and obese NIDDM patients. Enzyme response to insulin at 50 mu U/ml was reversed in all individuals, which allowed enzyme activity to recover up to the basal level of controls. 2) In NIDDM patients and obese nondiabetic subjects, undergoing an OGT test, the area under the glycaemic curve (g-AUC) was as expected; the area under the insulinaemic curve (I-AUG) was increased in both groups with respect to controls, but significantly only in the latter. CONCLUSION: In individuals with insulin resistance PDH activity in their circulating lymphocytes rises up to basal revels of controls, only if these cells are exposed to insulin at high physiological concentrations, and g-AUC is normal only in those subjects who have significantly increased i-AUC. This suggests that with insulin at sufficiently high concentrations both parameters can be corrected. We conclude that the derangements responsible for the alterations of the two parameters share common features and thus the described PDH alterations in circulating lymphocytes reflect systemic insulin resistance whether accompanied by hyperglycaemia or not.