Benchmarking time-dependent density functional theory for excited state geometries of organic molecules in gas-phase and in solution

We analyze potentials and limits of the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) approach for the determination of excited-state geometries of organic molecules in gas-phase and in solution. Three very popular DFT exchange-correlation functionals, two hybrids (B3LYP and PBE0) and one long-range corrected (CAM-B3LYP), are here investigated, and the results are compared to the correlated RI-CC2 wave function approach. Solvent effects are further analyzed by means of a polarizable continuum model. A total of 15 organic chromophores (including both small molecules and larger push-pull systems) are considered as prototypes of n → π* and π → π* singlet excitations. Our analysis allows to point out specific correlations between the accuracy of the various functionals and the type of excitation and/or the type of chemical bonds involved. We find that while the best ground-state geometries are obtained with PBE0 and B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP yields the most accurate description of electronic and geometrical characteristics of excited states, both in gas-phase and in solution.