Adjuvant immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma: understanding complexity, embracing uncertainty, making a difference

The approval of pembrolizumab as adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma meeting the KEYNOTE-564 criteria set new standards and recalibrated future research and clinical needs. Yet, clinical decisions are becoming increasingly nuanced. Achieving clarity in this setting requires a cultural shift aimed at balancing evidence and uncertainty. As a community we should consider this tension as an opportunity to improve on value for patients.