Thiokynurenates prevent excitotoxic neuronal death in vitro and in vivo by acting as glycine antagonists and as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation

Several derivatives of kynurenic and thiokynurenic acids were synthesized and tested for their ability to protect primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells against excitotoxic damage, and to affect the binding of [³H]glycine ([³H]Gly), [³H]α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid ([³H]AMPA), [³H]3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl-)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ([³H]CPP), [³H]kainic acid and [³H]N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]-3,4-piperidine ([³H]TCP) to rat cortical membranes. Kynurenic and thiokynurenic acid derivatives with one or two halogens in position 5 or 7 were selective glycine antagonists, failing to affect N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate or AMPA sites at micromolar concentrations. 7-Cl-kynurenic, 7-Cl-thiokynurenic, 5,7-diCl-kynurenic and 5,7-diCl-thiokynurenic acids had similar IC₅₀s for displacing [³H]Gly from its strychnine-insensitive site and for reducing the stimulated (0.5 μM NMDA and 1 μM glycine) [³H]TCP binding to cortical membranes. However, 7-Cl-thiokynurenic acid was particularly potent to prevent excitotoxic neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cells. This action may be ascribed to inhibition of lipid peroxidation, a property which was demonstrated for the 5- or 7-Cl derivatives of thiokynurenic acid. Futhermore, 7-Cl-thiokynurenic acid reduced excitotoxic damage caused by the injection of quinolinic acid in the rat striatum. Thus, 7-Cl-thiokynurenic acid appears to be a new compound with interesting antiexcitotoxic properties both in vitro and in vivo.