Fact-checking effect on viral hoaxes: A model of misinformation spread in social networks

The Internet and online social networks have greatly facili- tated and accelerated information difiusion processes, but at the same time they provide fertile ground for the spread of misinformation, rumors and hoaxes. The goal of this work is to introduce a simple modeling framework to study the difiusion of hoaxes and in particular how the availability of debunking information may contain their difiusion. As tra- ditionally done in the mathematical modeling of information difiusion processes, we regard hoaxes as viruses: users can become infected if they are exposed to them, and turn into spreaders as a consequence. Upon veri cation, users can also turn into non-believers and spread the same attitude with a mechanism analogous to that of the hoax-spreaders. Both believers and non-believers, as time passes, can return to a susceptible state. Our model is characterized by four pa- rameters: spreading rate, gullibility, probability to verify a hoax, and that to forget one's current belief. Simulations on homogeneous, heterogeneous, and real networks for a wide range of parameters values reveal a threshold for the fact- checking probability that guarantees the complete removal of the hoax from the network. Via a meanfield approxima- tion, we establish that the threshold value does not depend on the spreading rate but only on the gullibility and for- getting probability. Our approach allows to quantitatively gauge the minimal reaction necessary to eradicate a hoax.