Essere, analogia, libertà

[Machine translation] Analogy constitutes an essential theme of philosophical reflection in its indication of the relationship of thought with being and the thematization of the links between unity and multiplicity and between finite and infinite underlying this relationship. Extensively investigated by Greek and medieval thinkers, this topic has been forgotten by modern thinking that tends to be univocalist, while contemporary thought has considered it as a typical expression of ontotheology (in particular with Heidegger and in reference to its metaphysical meaning) but has also reevaluated it in different ways. , In the three chapters of this book, we focus on the analysis of some orientations of thought and on the investigation of the reflection of some theologians and philosophers who in the course of the twentieth century have supported or criticized the reasons for the analogy in a different way, and the innovative thesis is proposed that, in relation to the adequate configuration of the link of identity and difference underlying the analogy of analogy, we can articulate the passage from the analogy of being to the analogy of freedom., The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the relationships between analogia fidei and analogia entis, which are investigated in reference to the positions of Przywara, Barth, Balthasar, Jüngel and Pannenberg and in relation to the Christi analogy in the light of which divine freedom allows man to draw his identity., In the second chapter, the analysis concerning the analogy of being is deepened and, in relation mainly to exponents of neotomism, the reasons for the priority of the analogy of proportionality (Maritain and Stein) and those of the analogy of attribution (Fabro and Maréchal) are investigated, then presenting the link that these two analogical modes have with the metaphor (V. Melchiorre) and showing, also in reference to this, how the being inhabited by analogy should not be understood as a static substance but as a dynamic relationship that is manifested in freedom of the gift (P. Gilbert)., Finally, the third chapter investigates the articulation of the link between identity and difference in relation to the thinking of Heidegger and Deleuze, who criticized the notion of analogy and reflected radically on the question of difference. In this regard, one wonders, on the one hand, if the relationship between difference and the co-belonging of being and entity, at the center of Heideggerian reflection on ontological difference, is not in itself connected with analogy, an analogy certainly inhabited by the circularity of identity and difference and not by the priority of the former over the latter. On the other hand, we note the presence in the Deleuzian perspective of a problematic tension between univocism and equivocism and we wonder if it is possible to think of the difference without any reference to identity. Also reconsidering the position of Thomas Aquinas, analyzed in relation to the interpretation offered by Marion, who insists on the transcendence of being and on the freedom of the creative act, we focus, finally, on the ontological hermeneutics of freedom proposed, in the wake of L. Pareyson, by C. Ciancio, a freedom originally conceived as the root of being and as the very origin of the link of identity and difference (of identity because freedom arises in being and of difference because freedom is the origin of being). , In this way — and this is the innovative theoretical proposal put forward in the volume — the metaphysical analogy of being is a hermeneutical analogy of freedom that, resisting the criticism of ontotheology, makes it possible to avoid the static and assimilating objectification of an original unit understood only as identity (without difference) and the sterile and disintegrating dispersion of a multiplicity becoming conceived only as a difference (without identity).