Casi clinici e spiegazione causale: dagli approcci classici al “gemello digitale”

[Machine translation] This contribution shows how the need to explain the individual case is helped by epistemological studies on singular causality, where medical reasoning concerns both an individual and a causal explanation. After an introduction that highlights the interest of the clinical case in individual and causal aspects (par. 13.2), the basic ideas on the relationship between explanation and causality of the individual case are presented (par. 13.3). The following is a presentation of the classic problems of singular causality with reference to counterfactual approaches (also common to juridical reasoning) and structural equation models (par. 13.4). Finally, the topic of the Human Digital Twins is addressed, whose rapid development has been enabled by big data and artificial intelligence (par. 13.5). In these two different methods, the problems of the individual case and the clinical case are intertwined.