Apical meristems of tomato roots and their modifications induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal and soilborne pathogenic fungi

Functional morphological patterns in root apices of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) dependent on growth, ageing and infection by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae and/or by the soilborne pathogenic fungus Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica (P. parasitica) were studied. Uninfected root apices were characterized by closed, tri-layered meristems with nonreticulate nuclei; however, some apices of each treatment lost their meristematic nature, stopped growing and differentiated, becoming 'parenchymatized'. The pathogenic fungus reduced the apex diameter and the number of mitotically active and viable apices inducing plasmolysis, cell and nucleus degeneration, and necrosis. The AM fungus, on the other hand, produced an increase in apex size and reduced the percentage of necrosis both in uninfected roots and in roots infected by P. parasitica. Thus, the AM fungus protected the apices from the pathogenic infection, allowing normal root growth. Furthermore, larger apices, which produce thicker roots, might indirectly contribute to plant protection. Increased volumes of colonizable tissues favour the spreading of the symbiont, and P. parasitica hyphae are always excluded from arbuscule-containing cells.